Description: Illustration titled "Visit of Pontiac and the Indians to Major Gladwin." Pontiac, Chief of the Ottawa Tribe, united a coalition of American Indian tribes to resist British rule in the Great Lakes region and Ohio Valley. He led an uprising at Fort Detroit known as Pontiac's Rebellion in 1763, but the tribes were not able to overcome the fort's strong fortifications in spite of a five-month siege. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL02710
Subjects: Pontiac, d. 1769; American Indian history and society; Ohio History--Settlement and Early Statehood; Ottawa Tribe
Places: Fort Detroit
 

Description: The plaque on the rock reads "In commemoration of our patriot ancestors who served with the 8th Pennsylvania and the 13th Virginia regiments at Fort Laurens from November 18 1778 - August 2, 1779. To assure that their sacrifice to the newly founded republic was not in vain, we pledge ourselves to maintain in perpetuity these United States of America. The Oho Society sons of the American Revolution dedicated in the bicentennial year, May 9 1976". The rock is in Carroll County, Ohio near the site where General Lachlan McIntosh and 1200 troops camped on November 13 and 14th 1778 on their way to build a fort to provide a base for a spring campaign on Fort Detroit. The fort, Fort Laurens, was built at the present day site of Bolivar, Ohio in Tuscarawas County. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL06561
Subjects: Fort Laurens (Ohio); Memorials--Ohio; Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
Places: Malvern (Ohio); Carroll County (Ohio); Bolivar (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: Reproduction of an illustration depicting Pontiac, an Ottawa chief. This portrait appears as a print in SC 208, the Chief Pontiac Collection, and in publication in "The Lives of Famous Indian Chiefs" by Norman B. Wood (1906). Chief Pontiac was born ca. 1720. By 1755, he was a chief of the Ottawas. Pontiac subscribed to the religious beliefs of Neolin, a prophet of the Delaware people, who encouraged native people to forsake English goods and customs. When the French and Indian War ended in 1763, all French lands in North America were turned over to the English. American Indians lost their long-time French ally and worried that more British settlers would come to the Ohio Country. Pontiac and the Ottawas, in the interest of protecting their lands, encouraged tribes in the Ohio Country to rise up in 1763. The Ottawa attacked Fort Detroit in May 1763; the Shawnee, Munsee, Wyandot, Seneca and Delaware people also raided English settlements in the Ohio Country and in western Pennsylvania during 1763. The English military invaded the Ohio Country from Pennsylvania in the fall of 1764 and subdued the area's American Indian tribes. Pontiac's Rebellion ended in the fall of 1764, and Pontiac formally surrendered to the English in July 1766. In 1769, he was murdered by a member of the Peoria Tribe. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL02991
Subjects: Pontiac, d. 1769; American Indians; Ohio History--Settlement and Early Statehood; Ottawa Tribe; American Indian tribal leaders
 

Description: This image shows Bouquet's Monument in the vicinity of Warsaw, Ohio. The engraving reads in part "BOUQUETS CAMP." Henry Bouquet (1719-1766) was a British officer in the English military. In 1756, the English government transferred him to North America to help seize France's possessions and to defend the British colonies during the French and Indian War. Pontiac, Chief of the Ottawa Tribe, united a coalition of American Indian tribes to resist British rule in the Great Lakes region and Ohio Valley. He led an uprising at Fort Detroit known as Pontiac's Rebellion in 1763. To subdue Pontiac's Rebellion, Bouquet led a force of nearly 1,500 militiamen and regular soldiers from the fort into the heart of the Ohio Country. A formal peace treaty was signed in the spring of 1765 and the American Indian troops returned all of their captives. In return, Bouquet promised not to destroy the tribes' villages or seize any of their land. Bouquet's army left for Fort Pitt on November 18. His campaign became known as Bouquet's Expedition. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL06501
Subjects: Pontiac, d. 1769; American Indian history and society; Monuments; Ottawa Tribe
Places: Warsaw (Ohio); Coshocton County (Ohio)
 

Description: The caption reads: "Pontiac The great chief of the Ottawas, leader of the Indians of the Middle West in the Seven Year War." Chief Pontiac was born circa 1720. By 1755, he was a chief of the Ottawa Tribe. Pontiac subscribed to the religious beliefs of Neolin, a prophet of the Delaware people, who encouraged native people to forsake English goods and customs. When the French and Indian War ended in 1763, all French lands in North America were turned over to the English. American Indians lost their long-time French ally and worried that more British settlers would come to the Ohio Country. Pontiac and the Ottawas, in the interest of protecting their lands, encouraged tribes in the Ohio Country to rise up in 1763. The Ottawa attacked Fort Detroit in May 1763; the Shawnee, Munsee, Wyandot, Seneca and Delaware people also raided English settlements in the Ohio Country and in western Pennsylvania during 1763. The English military invaded the Ohio Country from Pennsylvania in the fall of 1764 and subdued the area's American Indian tribes. Pontiac's Rebellion ended in the fall of 1764, and Pontiac formally surrendered to the English in July 1766. In 1769, he was murdered by a member of the Peoria Tribe. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07606
Subjects: Pontiac, d. 1769; American Indian history and society; American Indians in Ohio; Ottawa Tribe; American Indian tribal leaders
 

Description: Caption reads: "Langley's Inn, built as an Indian trading post in 1828. Still stands in an excellent state of preservation on River Road at E. Wayne St. in Maumee, Ohio." The oldest business building in Lucas County, Ohio, the Commercial Building at 301 River Road has been known by different names over the years, including the Neeley House, the Eagle, the Schieley House, the Bismark, the Seurin Hotel, the Langley Inn, the Governor’s Inn, J. Brown’s River Inn, and the Old Plantation Inn. In 1836, Levi Beebe built the Commercial Building. Initially, several different businesses occupied the structure, including various law firms, several stores, and even the local post office. The building also housed an inn at this time. Several prominent people purportedly stayed at the inn, including future presidents Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and Rutherford B. Hayes. Businesses in the Commercial Building flourished during the 1830s and 1840s. The structure was located on the stagecoach route between Detroit, Michigan and Fort Wayne, Indiana. Also, Maumee is located on the Maumee River, and river traffic brought business and guests to the area. Maumee also was the original county seat of Lucas County, bringing people to the community who were engaged in legal matters or in politics. In 1837, the Lucas County Whig Party actually formed in the Commercial Building. In 1852, the Lucas County seat moved to Toledo. The Maumee economy weakened at this time, but the Commercial Building continued to house various businesses. Purportedly, the structure served as a stop on the Underground Railroad in the years before the American Civil War. During the twentieth century, the building principally functioned as an inn and restaurant. As of this writing, the Commercial Building houses Giannos Restaurant. The Commercial Building is on the National Register of Historic Places. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B02F02_012_1
Subjects: National Historic Landmark Program (U.S.); Historic sites--Maumee River Valley (Ind. and Ohio)--Pictorial works; Lucas County (Ohio)--History.
Places: Maumee (Ohio); Lucas County (Ohio)
 

Description: This is a photograph of a drawing of a Fort Laurens in Tuscarawas County, Ohio. Fort Laurens was built in 1778 for a campaign to attack the British in Detroit. This fort was in the wilderness and supplying the garrison became a problem. The men survived on boiled moccasins and withstood a month long siege of British-led Indians. Fort Laurens was abandoned in 1779. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B14F02_016_001
Subjects: Tuscarawas County (Ohio); Fort Laurens (Ohio)
Places: Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: This engraving features a sketch of Fort McIntosh, which was established in 1778 near present-day Beaver, Pennsylvania. The log fort is situated on a bluff above the Ohio River, slightly less than a mile below the mouth of the Beaver River. Paths zigzag down the bluff to the river. The fort itself consists of logs placed horizontally; a flag attached to a flagpole is waving high above the palisade. A caption below the drawing reads: “View of Fort McIntosh.” The western wilderness played a major role in American, British, and American Indian strategy during the American Revolution. In May 1778, General George Washington, commander of the Continental Army, ordered Brigadier General Lachlan McIntosh to establish a new fort in the Western Department, one of the regional divisions within the Continental Army. The Western Division included the area that would become the Northwest Territory, including the future state of Ohio. The French engineer who designed the fort, Chevalier DeCambray, named it in honor of its new commander. During the American Revolution, Fort McIntosh had the largest assembly of troops west of the Alleghenies. Originally the fort was intended to be the starting point for an offensive against the British garrison at Detroit and against the Wyandot Indians. At the time, most American Indians residing in the Ohio Country allied themselves with the British. Although they were neutral in the conflicts, the Christian Delaware Indians were among the few natives who were friendly to the Americans. During November 1778, McIntosh decided not to carry out his orders due to the winter months that lay ahead. Rather he decided to wait until the warmer spring months before conducting his attacks. Instead, he ordered the construction of a fort along the Tuscarawas River (Fort Laurens, near modern-day Bolivar, Ohio) to help his men survive the harsh winter weather. Fort Laurens was Ohio’s only Revolutionary War fort. In 1785 Fort McIntosh was the site of meeting where a treaty was signed by representatives of the Continental Congress and by American Indian tribal leaders from the Chippewa, Delaware, Ottawa, and Wyandot. They signed a treaty that surrendered control of American Indian lands in southern and eastern Ohio to the United States government. Most Indians rejected the validity of the treaty, and rather than improving relations, the Treaty of Fort McIntosh only intensified existing tensions between the United States government and the Indian tribes. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL06155
Subjects: McIntosh, Lachlan, 1725-1806; Treaties; Fortification--Pennsylvania; American Revolutionary War, 1775-1783
Places: Beaver (Pennsylvania)
 

Description: Marker commemorating Fort Laurens, built in 1778 in an ill-fated campaign to attack the British at Detroit. It was located in Bolivar, Tuscarawas County, Ohio. The photograph was taken ca. 1940-1949. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL00417
Subjects: Memorials--Ohio; Ohio History--Military Ohio
Places: Bolivar (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: The picture is a drawing of a wood fort. The fort is a square and in each corner is a cannon tower. Inside the fort, there are several men running with weapons and six buildings. A flagpole is at the center of the fort, which is situated at the top of a hill. Named in honor of Henry Laurens, then president of the Continental Congress, Fort Laurens was built in 1778 in an ill-fated campaign to attack the British at Detroit. Supplying this wilderness outpost was its downfall, as its starving garrison survived on boiled moccasins and withstood a month-long siege by British-led Indians. The fort was abandoned in 1779. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B14F01_032_001
Subjects: Fort Laurens (Ohio)--History.; Fort Laurens (Ohio)
Places: Fort Laurens (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: Photograph of the historical site of Fort Laurens, a Revolutionary War fort, near Bolivar, Ohio, November 1928. The fort was built in the fall of 1778 along the Tuscarawas River by the American army. American soldiers had been sent to the Ohio Country to defeat the Wyandot Indians, strong allies of the English, and to attack the British garrison at Detroit. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL03615
Subjects: Fort Laurens (Ohio); Ohio--History, Military; American Revolutionary War, 1775-1783
Places: Bolivar (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: The woodlands near Fort Necessity in the Findlay area. This fort was built by the order of General William Hull. His army of nearly 2000 men rested here and made paper cartridge before moving north with a slow wagon train to Detroit. It consisted of a block house and stockade and served no function. Eventually, General Hull surrendered. This park is dedicated to General William Hull. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL06562
Subjects: War of 1812; Forts & fortifications; Findlay (Ohio); Hancock County (Ohio)
Places: Findlay (Ohio); Hancock County (Ohio)